How custody works
How custody works of each crypto card, with a source for each value. Checked Nov-05, 2026.
| Non-custodial Safe smart account owned by a Turnkey signer (keys in secure enclaves); ether.fi says it cannot move funds. Private-key export not yet available | ||
| Cardholders cannot load cryptocurrency onto the card; all crypto is converted to the market currency at top-up | ||
| Wallet keys are generated and sharded by Privy (Shamir shares plus AWS Nitro enclave); sign-in by email and passkey, no seed phrase; the private key can be exported to MetaMask or Phantom. Settlement runs on Circle's Arc blockchain with a privacy layer | ||
| You approve a spending limit per token from your wallet and funds stay in it until spent; the limit can be revoked at any time. | ||
| Non-custodial smart account; keys secured by Privy (a Stripe company); Earn deploys funds to third-party DeFi vaults via Veda/Aave | ||
| Crypto is held by Coinbase; the dollars from a sale at purchase sit with Pathward | ||
| Balance is CASH in a self-custodial smart-contract wallet on Solana. At payment the card partner draws CASH from the account and converts it to USD. CASH is a stablecoin issued by Bridge Building Inc., redeemable 1:1 for USD through Bridge; the balance is not FDIC insured | ||
| Wallet secured by MPC: the user holds a key share needed to authorise every transaction; Kolo holds its own share, which alone cannot signPer Penchan, the card-linked USD "card issue bonus" balance is fiat and spend-only | ||
| Passkey-secured smart account; deposits are placed in Exactly Protocol markets as collateral and can be liquidated if a loan becomes undercollateralised | ||
| Crypto is deposited to RedotPay-controlled addresses and converted to USD when you pay; RedotPay says it is a fintech provider, not a bank, and Earn is not covered by deposit insurance. | ||
| Revolut Digital Assets Europe holds your crypto as nominee, on trust for you; crypto is not covered by the European deposit guarantee or the Cyprus investor compensation fund | ||
| Terms say Ethena Pay holds no customer funds or digital assets; custody is with third-party institutions or users' own self-custodial wallets. Sign-in uses passkeys | ||
| Solid states it is fully self-custodial with keys held by the user and passkeys; card terms say Solid and the issuer do not hold custody of collateral, which sits in a wallet on a supported blockchain | ||
| Terms say collateral stays in your linked wallet and can be liquidated by the issuer; the help centre top-up guide describes a card balance funded by converting your crypto | ||
| Terms say transferred assets are sold to KAST and held by a custodian on behalf of KAST; Self-Custody Mode (KAST Personal accounts where enabled) keeps the balance in a segregated Solana wallet, KAST pays gasTerms wording drew criticism in press (s49) | ||
| Funds stay in the Binance exchange account until the moment of payment; spend order follows the user's payment priority list of 3 to 12 assets | ||
| Privy-based wallet; deposits are held as wrapped USD/EUR tokens on Base and unwrapped at paymentThe wrapper detail comes from a Finek post that studied transactions, not from COCA | ||
| Wallet keys stay with the user. Topped-up card balance sits with the card programme and cannot be moved back to the wallet; if wallet control is lost the card still spends but cannot be topped up or recovered | ||
| Funds stay on the Bybit exchange account; crypto is sold to the card currency at payment | ||
| Funds stay in the user's control until the moment of spending; Earn strategy balances can also be spent. Account bans have not blocked withdrawals in at least one reported case | ||
| Wallet is created at sign-up, keys handled through Turnkey with email recovery and key export; Hyperbeat says it cannot freeze or move the wallet. Spending is settled by an operator within an on-chain allowanceSettlement detail is from a review | ||
| Crypto is deposited into a Fiat24 Swiss IBAN account (balances held as EUR24, USD24, CHF24 tokens); the card spends from that account | ||
| Collateral is held in smart contracts on supported blockchains and can be liquidated at any time without notice to repay charges; withdrawing needs 3 business days notice under the U.S. agreement | ||
| USDC sits in an escrow smart contract owned by the user's wallet; the terms say Avici and the issuer do not hold custody of the collateral. Top-ups sent from Solana are bridged to the EVM card contract | ||
| The Send balance is held in the user's Send wallet (Send states it does not hold users' funds). Money loaded onto the card becomes a separate USD balance under the Wirex card program, which governs what happens to it on termination.Who legally holds the card balance is not stated | ||
| Card is linked to a Gate Pay account; assets stay in their original form until a purchase, when they are converted and settled. Spend can draw on Gate Pay, Spot and Simple Earn balances | ||
| Prepayments become DCS's property on receipt and are not held on trust; a balance left after termination is kept in a separate bank account and refunded only on written request within 30 days | ||
| Not publishedNot published | ||
| Not publishedNot published; homepage claims user control of the wallet but help pages describe a single account balance | ||
| Not publishedIssuer publishes no custody or safeguarding terms for personal accounts | ||
| Funds sit in the user's own Safe smart-contract wallet on Gnosis Chain; the Safe is authorised to spend the configured token. After closure the Safe stays yours and can be used with any Safe-compatible interface | ||
| USDC stays in the user's own Solflare wallet and is charged at purchase; Kulipa held no customer balances | ||
| Not publishedNot published | ||
| USDC stayed in the user's Starknet smart-contract wallet and the card drew on it at purchase; the wallet uses a Ready co-signer, but Ready says it cannot move funds alone | ||
| Homepage and closing notice say only you hold the keys and funds left after Dec-01, 2026 stay in the wallet, reachable with your private key. The card help page says Lead Bank and regulated partners hold and settle funds, and the Terms say VaultLeap does not hold customer funds | ||
| Holyheld terms say it does not hold users' crypto; the euro balance and card sit with the e-money partner |
More in The card
StatusLaunchedTypeFormsCustodyKYCKYC documentsKYC timeMinimum ageSettles inCard currencies